ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to describe the rooms specks argon designate in Ilokano. It takes into account the grammatical categories sensation roots ar derived and the shells of clauses they atomic number 18 incorporated into. Through these methods, the compose schools to give a general description of the fantasy of sensation in Ilokano. 1.0 IntroductionUnderstanding valet de chambre race psyche has been man?s top antecedency crimson before the birth of psychology. In an attempt to let disposition of e very(prenominal)thing inside and around him, man used diverse tools and approaches. Langu season, macrocosm an overt and accessible part of man, was not overlooked. It became a regnant tool in man?s pursual of judgement himself and the world. nary(prenominal)m Chomsky (1968, p.84) even verbalise, ?...the plain of language whitethorn very substantially? provide a remarkably favor up to(p) perspective for the study of human noetic processes.? Diff erent feels of these mental processes had been the subject of question for a number of social scientists, from then(prenominal) to present. One of these is sensation. though a universal description of sense is still deficient up to date, the hobby are the definitions compiled by the author. Emotion is??a feeling state involving horizons, physiological changes, and an outwards containion or air.?(psychological science ci: Emotion, 2004)?a powerful feeling; a intricate state of body and mind involving, in its bodily aspect, changes in the viscera (main internal organs) and in nervus facialis expression and posture, and in its mental aspect, heightened perception, excitement and, several(prenominal)times, disturbance of thought and judgment. The urge to activeness is felt and impulsive behavior may result.?(Emotion (psychology), 2008)From these definitions, the by-line generalizations ordure be made. (1)It is observable. As Heider (1991) states, ?Emotion has some(pren ominal) a mental, or cognitive, aspect and a! sensory, physiological aspect?. This is with the styles man expresses emotions, both the linguistic and non-linguistic factor. It can be a facial expression, gesture, voice pitch and volume, the flow and construction of words, the lexicon chosen, the way the sentences is constructed, etc. (2)It is a social phenomenon. As Harre, R. & Parrott, W.G. (1996, p.167) state, ??the stimuli for emotional reactions enter from separate large number and emotion occurs in the partnership of otherwises.? It usually springs from an causa (e.g. an argument) in the life of someone. And in man?s passing(a) interactions, perceiving and understanding these emotions correctly is a crucial and weighty caper because ?? the ability to recognize emotions in oneself and those of others leads to a great point in time of confirmative mental wellness and wellbeing? (Altarriba et. al. 2003). Hence, to be able to achieve this ?degree of positive mental health and well-being?, man resorts to pro perly perceiving the observable aspects of emotion. Emotion talk is one. As Bamberg (unknown) asserts, ? style is a means of making sense of emotions, and as such can be used as a starting point to look the world of emotions?? Many aspects of emotion talk had been taken into amity by researchers and students of the social sciences. A lot of them had been concentrated on the diversity of the lexicon for emotions of individually enculturation, with the intention of comparing one from the other (like Russell 1983, Heider, and Altarriba et. al.) Others used lexicon to test if the concept of a certain emotion is the alike across cultures. Others examine ?the grammar of emotions?. As Malicsi (1981, p.12) states, ?What makes grammar an important germ of evidence for linguistic relativity theory and determinism is its obligatory temper ? it?s categories have to be produced, its rules followed, and the private is therefore mechanically channeled into certain patterns of expression .? In studying this, people are to a greater extent c! oncerned on how people express their emotions in discourse. What type of constructions do they use? What conjectures can we kick up by these constructions? These are the objectives of this study. It is bent on answering the following questions. (1)How are emotions expressed in Ilokano?(2)What type of grammatical categories are these emotions usually derived?(3)What type of construction is used (i.e. transitive verb verb, intransitive, causative, etc.) in expressing these emotions?In this fashion, the author hopes to convey a part of the Ilokano psyche that may hopefully give a better understanding of the behavior and culture of the Ilokano people. As a language, Ilokano is rather popular. Belonging to the Cordilleran assembly of the northerly Philippine subgroup of the Philippine group of the Western Malayo-Polynesian stolon of the Malayo-Polynesian subfamily of the Austronesian language family, it has nigh 20 million speakers (including those who speak the language as a secon d, third, or foreign language in and outside the Philippines), according to professor Prescila Espiritu (Agcaoili, 2008). It is the lingua franca of the Northwestern part of Luzon, namely, the provinces of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Pangasinan, and Abra. It is also mouth in some parts of Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Isabella, Cagayan, and Benguet. It even has ?sizeable communities? in some parts of Mindanao, Palawan, Mindoro and the United States, making it the third largest talk language in the Philippines, along with Cebuano and Tagalog (Rubino & Garry, 2001). This research, however, is partial only to the ?grammar of emotions?. It shall rule emotion on a clausal level. It does not aim to itemisation all the emotion terms in Ilokano and desexualize each term. It simply describes the representation of emotions in a syntactical level. In this description, Ilokano is assumed as an ergative language, hence, the ergative-absolutive approach is followed. In this ap proach, the undergoer (or patient) of a transitive cl! ause is treated in the like way as the superstar argument of an intransitive clause. The agent of a transitive clause is treated differently. It can be illustrated through the following sentences. (1)N-angted -ak iti regalo ken mike. INTR-gave -ABS OBL gift DET microphone?I gave Mike a gift.?(2)Inn-ikan ?na -k iti regalo ni Mike. TR-gave -ERG ABS OBL gift DET Mike?Mike gave me gifts.?The firstborn construction, which is intransitive, used the first person singular absolutive pronoun ?ak as the single core argument. The second sentence used the same pronoun as the patient. When a language treats both arguments in the same manner, it is considered ergative. Moreover, in the discussion of transitive and intransitive clauses, the transitivity parameters proposed by Nolasco (2003) shall be followed. These parameters are enumerated in the following table. High TransitivityLow TransitivityA. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. No. of argumentsKinesisAspectPun ctualityIntentionalityParticularityDirectionalityEffortAffectedness of PExclusivity of PDistinct A and P/OActionTelicPunctualDeliberateParticularExternalEffortfulP totally affectedExclusive PSStateAtelicNon-punctualVolitionalGeneralInternalEffortlessP not affectedNon-exclusive PNolasco (2003)In conducting the research, 15 Ilokano speakers, with age ranging from 19 to 24 were interviewed. Each was asked to list as umteen emotion terms as they can. Then each was asked to differentiate an subject when they felt one of these emotions. This way, the speakers can talk freely about their emotions.
The following part of this paper gives an overview of the concept of emotion in Ilokan! o. The next gives the analysis of the ?grammar of emotions?. The last gives the conjectures taken from the said analysis. REFERENCESAgcaoili, A. S. (2007). Nakem convention?and How It Came to Be. Retrieved January 25,2008 from hypertext transfer protocol://philippinesonline.org/nakem/Nakem2007/what_is_nakem.htm. ____________ (2008). The Search for Roots?or the eye of ?Ilokano?. Retrieved January23, 2008 from http://www.dadapilan.com/ruangan. Altarriba, J., Basnight, D.M. & Canary, T.M. (2003). Emotion representation and perceptionacross cultures. In W.J. Lonner, D.L, S.A. Hayes, & D.N. Sattler (Eds.), Online Readings in Psychology and farming (Unit 4, Chapter 5), Retrieved January 24, 2008 from http://www/wwu.edu/~culture. Bamberg, M. (unknown). The Role of Language in the Construction of Emotions. RetrievedJanuary 24, 2008 from http://www.massey.ac.nz/~alock/ practical(prenominal)/bamberg.htm. Cabanero, C., del Corro, A., & Ungson, M. (1972). The Larangang Leksikal of the Term? Alembong?. In Enriquez, V.G. & Antonio, C.F. (1972). Sikolohiya ng Wika: Working paper in Psycholinguistics. Quezon City: University of the Philippines. Cayetano, J.E. (1972). Isang Pag-aaral ng Larangang Leksikal ng Salitang ?Pambobola?. InEnriquez, V.G. & Antonio, C.F. (1972). Sikolohiya ng Wika: Working written document in Psycholinguistics. Quezon City: University of the Philippines. Chomsky, N. (1968). Language and Mind. modern York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. Constantino, E. (1971). Ilokano Dictionary. Honolulu: University of howdy Press. Enriquez, V.G. & Antonio, C.F. (1972). Sikolohiya ng Wika: Working papers inPsycholinguistics. Quezon City: University of the Philippines. Harre, R. & Parrott, W.G. (1996). The emotions: social, cultural and biological dimensions. London: Sage. Heider. K.G. (1999). Landscapes of Emotion: office three cultures of emotion in Indonesia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Helaas, P. (unknown). Emotion Talk across Cultures. In Lange, C. G. & James, W. (1967). TheEmotions. New York : Hafner! Pub. Jocano, F.L. (2001). Filipino innovationview. Diliman, Quezon City: Punlad enquiry House. Laconsay, G.C. (1969?). Diksionario Iluko-English. Compiled at the University of thePhilippines, Quezon City. Lange, C.G. & James, W. (1967). The Emotions. New York : Hafner Pub. Malicsi, J. (1981). Semantic Approaches to the Sambal Ayta Lexicon. unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of the Philippines, Quezon City. Mañalac, M. & Canon, C. (uknown). Muda: Verbal ill-treat in Bikol. In Enriquez, V.G. &Antonio, C.F. (1972). Sikolohiya ng Wika: Working papers in Psycholinguistics. Quezon City: University of the Philippines. Mercado, L.N. (1994). The Filipino Mind. In Philippine Philosophical Studies II, CulturalHeritage and contemporary Change Series III, Asia, Vol. 8. Washington, D.C.: Council for Research in Values and Philosophy. Retrieved January 25, 2008 from http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupid?key=olbp23599. Rubino, C. & Garry, J. (2001). Facts about the W orld?s Languages: An encyclopaedia of theWorld?s Major Languages, Past and Present. New York: H. W. Wilson. Psychology 101: Emotion. (2004). Retrieved February 20, 2008 fromhttp://allpsych.com/psychology101/emotion.htmlEmotion (Psychology). (2008). Retrieved February 20, 2008 fromhttp://encyclopedia.farlex.com/emotion+(psychology) If you want to get a full essay, collection it on our website:
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