Relationship Between Facebook Usage and Social Capital

Relationship Between Facebook Usage and Social Capital1. IntroductionThe conception of this inquiry is to investigate the recent phenomenon known as kindly webs, and in ill-tempered the genial meshings associated with the World Wide Web and their concussion on the mixer welf atomic number 18 (also known as affectionate capital) of tribe. This motion is of particular interest to the searcher be motive of the increasing importance and span of the online affectionate communicate sites. Thus understanding how they trespass society in ecumenic. The scope of the look into impart be The Facebook the biggest at this time online kind network. The reason for the topic is the increase of the website in our lives and the many disputations whether it has positive or negative strike on its engagementrs. Therefore adequate research regarding key concepts and confederacys between The Facebook and complaisant capital would benefit any wizard who is interested in online cor dial networks and their influence all over societies. Before continuing with the research it is important to introduce key concepts and definitions which is to prep ar easier for the reader to understand the matters at hand.1.1 Key DefinitionsAsocial networkis asocial structuremade up of individuals (or organizations) called nodes, which are tied (connected) by virtuoso or to a greater extent specific types ofinterdependency, such(prenominal) asfriendship,kinship, common interest, financial exchange, dislike,sexual human kins, or relationships of beliefs, knowledge orprestige. As in al almost everything in present days, the internet influences the social networks. A good example of that is the created in 2004 online social networkThe Facebook. By 2007 it was account to shit more than 21 million registered members generating 1.6 billion page views all(prenominal) day (Needham Company, 2007). The site is mostly incorporated into the everyday media practices of its users O rdinary users guide about 20 minutes a day on the site, and two-thirds of users record in at least once a day (Cassidy, 2006 Needham Company, 2007).1.2 Aims and ObjectivesThe signal of this research is to examine the relationship between the use of Facebook, and the development and saving of social capital both bonding and bridging.Its objective is to determine whether online social networks and in particular The sheathbook have positive or negative impact on societies.1.3 Key Research QuestionsIs Facebook positively connected with individuals who dig bridging social capital?Will Facebook intensity be positively associated with people who perceive bonding social capital?Is Facebook helping people with strikingness to face communication difficulties?Facebook Survey Pie ChartThe remainder of the research is organized as follows Section 2 reviews conceptual development and theories of the research questions. Section 3 reviews the research methods and how they address the ques tions and how the entropy give be collected. Section 4 shows the research plan vie diagram, displaying the unlike activities involved in producing the existent work and how they will happen in time. Section 5 concludes the research proposal by highlighting the importance of the research questions and their connection with the different theories. Section 6 is the bibliography and reference used for the research.2. Literature come off antecedent research suggests that Facebook users engage in searching for people with whom they have an offline connection more than they browse for complete st gors to meet (Lampe, Ellison, Steinfield, 2006). oft of the early research on online communities supposed that individuals using these systems would be linking with others outside their pre- animate social group or location, liberating them to comprise communities around mutual interests, as hostile to shared geography (Garton, Guila Haythornthaite, Dimitrova, Salaff, Wellman 1996). A be nchmark of this early research is the premise that when online and offline social networks overlapped, the directionality wasonline to offlineonline connections resulted in face-to-face meetings. For example Parks and Floyd (1996) report, that deuce-ace of their respondents later met their online correspondents offline. As they mark, These findings imply that relationships that begin online rarely stay there.Much of the existing academic research on Facebook has focused on individuation presentation and concealment (e.g., Gross Acquisti, 2005 Stutzman, 2006). Looking at the amount of info Facebook users present about themselves, the fairly open nature of the information, and the lack of privacy controls enacted by the users, Gross and Acquisti (2005) argue that users whitethorn be putting themselves at exposure both offline (e.g., stalking) and online (e.g., identify theft). Other recent Facebook study examines disciple perceptions of instructor presence and self-disclosure ( Hewitt Forte, 2006 Mazer, Murphy, Simonds, 2007), sequential patterns of use (Golder, Wilkinson, Huberman, 2007), and the relationship between indite structure and friendship communication (Lampe, Ellison, Steinfield, 2007).Putnam (2000) distinguishes between bridging and bonding social capital. The origin is linked to what network researchers refer to as weak ties, which are loosen up connections between persons who may brook useful information or impertinently perspectives for wholeness another but on average not steamy support (Granovetter, 1982). On the other hand, bonding social capital is implant between individuals in tightly-knit, emotionally close relationships, such as family and close friends.Social capital generally refers to the assets accumulated through the relationships between people (Coleman, 1988). Social capital is a flexible term with a range of definitions in numerous fields (Adler Kwon, 2002), conceived of as both a cause and an effect (Resnick, 2 001 Williams, 2006). Bourdieu and Wacquant (1992) define social capital as the sum of the resources, veridical or virtual(prenominal), that accrue to an individual or a group by virtue of possessing a durable network of more or slight institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition (p. 14). The assets from these relationships can fluctuate in form and function found on the relationships themselves.Social capital has been related to to a diversity of positive social outcomes, such as give public health, lower crime rates, and more resourceful financial markets (Adler Kwon, 2002). match to numerous instruments of social capital, this important resource has been deteriorating in the U.S. for the past some(prenominal) years (Putnam, 2000). When social capital declines, a community experiences augmented social disorder, reduced involvement in public activities, and potentially more suspect among society members. Greater social capital increases commitment to a community and the ability to organize collective actions, among other benefits. Social capital may also be used for harmful purposes, but in general it is seen as a positive effect of interaction among participants in a social network (Helliwell Putnam, 2004).The net has been linked both to increases and decreases in social capital. Nie (2001), for instance, argued that Internet use detracts from face-to-face time with others, which might weaken an individuals social capital. However, this viewpoint has received strong criticism (Bargh McKenna, 2004). Furthermore, a number of researchers have claimed that online connections may add to or replace in-person interactions, mitigating any t bingle ending from time spent online (Wellman, Haase, Witte, Hampton, 2001). In fact, studies of physical (e.g., geographical) communities supported by online networks, such as the Blacksburg Electronic Village, have found out that computer-mediated interactions have had positive effects on community relations, involvement, and social capital (Hampton Wellman, 2003 Kavanaugh, Carroll, Rosson, Zin, Reese, 2005).Lately, researchers have evince the significance of Online-based linkages for the formation of weak ties, which provide the foundations of bridging social capital. Donath and boyd (2004) theorize that SNSs (Social web Services) could to a great extent add to the weak ties one could form and maintain, because the technology is well-suited to maintaining such ties inexpensively and effortlessly.Based on the earlier work, one could suggest the following assumptionConcentration of Facebook use should be positively connected with individuals perceived bridging social capital. It is obvious that the Internet facilitates new connections, in that it provides people with another way to connect with others who share their interests or relationship goals (Ellison, Heino, Gibbs, 2006 Horrigan, 2002 Parks Floyd, 1996). These new connections may cause an increase in soc ial capital for example, a 2006 Pew Internet study analysed that online users are more likely to have a larger network of close ties than non-Internet users, and that Internet users are more likely than non-users to obtain help from core network members (Boase, Horrigan, Wellman, Rainie, 2006). Williams (2006) argues that even though researchers have examined possible downfalls of social capital in offline communities due to greater Internet use, they have not effectively explored online gains that could treat for this. For that reason it could be proposed a second assumption on the relationship between Facebook use and close tiesConcentration of Facebook use should be positively related with individuals perceived bonding social capital.3. MethodologyThe ontology of this research is such as although Facebook is virtual and without material component, one can view and key out it as a real object, because it can be used, felt and its introduction proved. Second is the epistemolog y, for which the objective perspective is used, because Facebook is seen as separate entity from the individual user. The surround is constant, thus the result is that the individuals profile is what changes according to the virtual surrounding. This perspective makes it easier for marketers to analyse the user behaviour and give firms the opportunity to expeditiously advertise and sell their products for maximizing profits. To provide evidence that the research findings are indeed correct, the positivist assumption will be used, because it is better and more accurate way of describing the topic, giving exact selective information for the research. An example of defective lower-ranking date is the following pie charthttp//media.brainz.org/uploads/2009/02/facebook.pngFor the purpose of the research a comparison of the terms primary and indirect data is require, so one can see why the author of the research chooses the second. Primary data is collected to be up to date and top ic specific. This in no doubt leads to better and more accurate results. The big downfall of this method is its time consuming nature and the fact it is really expensive. On the other hand Secondary data is identified by Saunders et al (2003) as data previously collected, stored or published. The big plus of alternative data is that it is already published, analysed, structured and is reviewed by other professors and academics, who already evaluated it. There are two types of unessential data identified by Saunders et al (2003). These are qualitative and quantitative data. The qualitative data is usually analyses and text-like definitions whereas quantitative data is usually related to statistics and numbers. A good source of quantitative secondary data is census, housing, social security as well as electoral statistics and other related databases. It is exactly this type of data, that would be best to use in this research as it is easier, cheaper and less time consuming to obtain , plot of land relatively reliable and least, but not last, by using secondary data it is easier to avoid privacy problems with the people the information was gathered from. As every method, secondary data has its disadvantages, which in this case are that the data may be collected for a different from the researchers aim and thus it can be distorted. The access to some secondary data sources can be costly and difficult. Furthermore it is proved that one has no real control over the quality and reliability of the secondary data at all. (Saunders, M. Et al. 2003) For that reason when collecting the secondary data it is indispensable to measure its validity and whether it meets the researchers needs. There is always preconceived notion in the data, so it is important to find as many sources as possible to minimise the bias. (Saunders, M. Et al. 2003).For this exact research the secondary data will be collected from analysed written surveys, questionnaires, telephone surveys, expres sion focus groups and existing records. Each of those has their own pros and cons in terms of how much qualitative data can be extracted out of them. It is clear that written surveys with determined scales will give more pure numbers and thus make the descriptive statistics analysis easier. On the other hand processing telephone surveys and observation focus groups would be harder and more time consuming. But as express above one need as much data sources as possible to fully analyse and give reliable and non biased perform on a topic as large as the impact of the largest online social network Facebook on its users.4. Research planStep one writing the propositionStep two make a research on the possible resources available and making a list of the most useful sources.Step three Following the proposition methods, mine the needed quantitative data from the resources.Step four Analyse and process the in the altogether quantitative mined data via descriptive statistics analysis and t he qualitative data analysis.Step five Summaries the data found from the previous steps and based on it start writing the actual dissertation.Step six Review the Reference and bibliography carefully and write it.Step seven Give the semi-finished dissertation to the advisor for ideas of improvement.Step eight Improve and polish the dissertation and then(prenominal) wrap it up for submission.http//thomaslarock.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/datamining.jpghttp//www.42u.com/images/data-center-resources.jpghttp//howtowriteathesis.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/writingabook.jpghttp//lib.store.yahoo.net/lib/classic-motoring/Flex3401VRGCarPolisher.jpg-1 -2- -3-http//www.whole-person-counseling.com/Images/bookstack.gifhttp//onetick.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/innovation_1.jpg?w=640http//images.huffingtonpost.com/2008-11-17-2Advisor.GIF-4--5- -6- -7- -8-5. ConclusionWith the data that could be gathered using the models described above, one will have a more in-depth, reliable and useful infor mation about the actual benefits and drawbacks Facebook gives in terms of social and bonding capital. It will be seen whether the theories suggesting Facebook helps people with face communication difficulties are indeed true. In general, conducting this research will provide data that is important for understanding the ever-growing online social networks and how to cultivate them to bring uttermost benefits, not only for interact, but for businesses, education, helping people overcome socializing problems and improving our lives in general.http//www.neurosoftware.ro/programming-blog/wp-content/plugins/wp-o-matic/cache/521f7_facebook_like_button.jpg

Validity Reliability Quantitative

Validity Reliability QuantitativeUse a variety of sources to answer the questions, 2) not copy directly out of every book, 3) include sources to responses and cite them at the end of his indite, and 4) provide more expound round how you applied his intimacy of search to his independent accept. His goal is to plant by dint of writing his inquiry friendship and that he applied that experience to his independent field of honor.Question 5Validity and commonizability aspects of valued, qualitative and merge systems investigateQuantitative look for Validity and dependableness be two chief(prenominal) aspects in outrank to approve and validate the quantitative enquiry. Moskal Leydens (2002) delimitd the lustiness as the degree to which the evidence supports that the insureations of the training be correct and the fashion in which come acrossations utilize atomic number 18 appropriate. In differentwise words, Joppe (2000) declargond that boldness is the one if the obtained results are righteousnessful and believable. He likewise adds that to restore the boldness, the investigators generally poses a series of questions, and allow often look for the answers in the enquiry of somewhat others to serve do whether the criterions are accurate or not (p. 1). Joppe (2000) as well specify dependability as how consistent the results are when the experiment is recurrent a number of sentences under corresponding methodological conditions, thence the actor is said to be reliable. Kirk and Miller (1986) identified three suits of reliableness referred to in quantitative search, which relate to (1) producing the same results under same measurement conditions (2) the stability of a measurement with respect to clock and (3) the similarity of measurements in a given time period (p. 41-42). Charles (1995) argued that reliability is the consistency with which an individuals dozens remain relatively the same and drop be determined through the test-retest method at two antithetical measure. HE refers to this type of promoter as stable instrument. He similarly stated that a gritty degree of stability indicates a high degree of reliability, which means the results are repeatable.According to Creswell (2003) there are several(prenominal) threats of rigorousness that proves or raises issues close to the the true of the info or results or use of statistical tests to intermit the effects of an outcome. They are internal threats, external threats, statistical stopping point threats, and effect validity threats. Campbell and Stanley (1963) states that the basic requirement to exemplify an experiment is to understandably define internal validity. Internal validity threats are experimental procedures, treatments, or get downs of the participants that be the research workers ability to draw correct inferences from the entropy in an experiment. These are raised due to usage of inadequate procedu res like changing the instrument or a tool during an experiment, changing the control group participants under weigh etc. Beca ingestion of these inadequate procedures, the experimenter should commence whether the experiment make a deflexion in this instance or not.External validity threats get when the researcher concludes incorrect inferences from the sample data to other persons. It addresses the question of generalizability that to whom apprize we reason out the obtained results. A statistical conclusion validity threat arises when experimenters draw outside inferences from the data because of the violation of the assumptions of the statistical test being used for the unruffled data. Construct validity threat arises when investigators use inadequate definitions and measure variables effect on those inadequate definitions.In general, methods of establishing validity in quantitative research areExperiment go offData triangulationParticipant feedbackRegression digestS tatistical abbreviationIn my t for each oneing, I distinctly outlined and took parcel out of the internal validity threats that can arise from the data collected and the tools used for collecting the data. In order to avoid this threat in Microsoft Excel, as the ergodic data generated keeps on changing, I copied the data on triune sheets so as to make sure the data was not succorless for further analysis. I took care of the external validity by inferring the data to their respective move, products and machines correctly and obtained results after performing a careful analysis. I applied descriptive statistics analysis and drew line graphs in the midst of the amount of products, defy time and interpreted the results clearly.Qualitative research Golafshani (2003) argues that the concepts of validity and reliability link up to the quantitative research may not be relevant or support for qualitative research. Winter (2000) points out that the necessary tools much(prenom inal) as precision credibility and transferability are occupyed to validate the qualitative research. Transferability refers to the utter most(prenominal) in which the obtained results can be used by other researchers. credibility is nothing but the data, data accretion and the results obtained are trustworthy and believable. altogether the technical issues much(prenominal) as validity, reliability, triangulation and generalizability show the effect of credibility. In cost of the quantitative research, reliability means, the result is replicable. But, in footing of the qualitative research, reliability is testing the knowledge for high quality which otherwise looks conf exploitation make the commentator change the track of the speculate. Stenbacka (2001) relates that in the quantitative psychoanalyse, quality or reliability refers to evaluating the purpose of rationalizeing, while in qualitative get, it serves the purpose of generating discretion of the information. Creswell Miller (2000) stated that the strength of the qualitative field depends on the accuracy of the determinations in view of the researcher, participant or the ratifiers. Moskal Leydens (2002) defined the validity as the degree to which the interpretations of the data accurately describe the phenomenon under investigation. I qualitative research, internal validity refers to the match between the researchers bills, interpretations, categories and existentity. In summing up to validity, Moskal Olds (2002) used trustiness as an alternate method to validate the body of work which states that the made interpretations are accurate. Patton (2001) states that validity and reliability are two factors qualitative researchers should be sure of in designing, analyzing, interpreting, and judging the quality of study. According to Seale (1999), to warrant reliability in qualitative research, the research needs to examine the trustworthiness. He adds that trustworthiness of the research report sprains important if the validity and reliability of the study is discussed.Testing or maximizing the validity of the qualitative research Stenbacka (2003) suggested that the construction of documenting and doing a high quality research work leads to a generalizability if the validity and trustworthiness are maximized. To do this, a data triangulation method has to be implemented to control bias and to establish valid propositions. Creswell Miller (2000) defined data triangulation as the formation of themes or categories using a validity procedure for convergence among multiple and variant sources of information. It involves comparison of results obtained from different data methods such as reexamines, interviews, notifications etc.So, to establish multiple demeanors of truth for a qualitative research, researcher needs to redefine, implement and test the validity, reliability, generalizability and data triangulation concepts thoroughly.Methods for establishin g the validity and to enhance the credibility of qualitative research are disallow case analysis Presenting the negative information that runs counter to the themes Audit cover Clarifying the bias that the researcher brings to the studyProlonged field experience Spending prolonged time in the field to weaken an in-depth apprehension of the phenomenon under studyData triangulation triangulate different data sources of information by examining evidence from the sources and using it to build a coherent apologyMember checking to determine the accuracy of the qualitative findingsMixed methods researchDesigns combine both qualitative and quantitative research methods to collecting, analyzing, interpreting and reporting data are called as mixed methods research. In mixed methods strategy, the researcher should consider both quantitative and qualitative validity strategies and mix both of these in a way that best works to build credibility and trustworthiness of the data, data coll ection, and out comes of the study.Question 2Framework Elements of Research For every research proposal, a definite manikin exists to follow a authoritative pattern. According to Creswell (2003), there are three different research approaches qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach. To understand these approaches fully, every researcher needs to consider three model elements knowledge assumes, strategies of inquiry, data collection statistical analysis called as methods.My study falls under quantitative approach. The three framework elements that are related to quantitative approach areKnowledge demandsCreswell (2003) defines knowledge claim as initiation of the project with certain assumptions more or less how the study will be ingested and what the outcomes of the study are during the inquiry. Hunston (1993) suggests a researcher, to treat knowledge claim as an item in the research article. He in like manner adds that the elect item should be agreed by the c ommunity of that discipline. Dahl (2007) argues that the constructions of such claims are complex with the text sequences because the concept of knowledge claim is not easily understandable. It should be originated from the critical hypothesizeing of the discipline that is embodied in the positional form. He also investigated on how the new knowledge claims are constructed for the present-day research article introductions in economics and linguistics. According to Creswell (2003), the different types of knowledge claims are post positive knowledge claims, socially constructed knowledge claims, advocacy or participatory knowledge claims and finally pragmatic knowledge claims.When the research includes determine or reducing or an empirical remark and measurement or theory verification, then the type of knowledge claim is post-positivism. Popper (Wikipedia) supports that post positivists believe human knowledge based on theoretic thinking. Nicholas Philips (2000) believed that thi nking is not based on solid foundations rather they think as a prospective outcome believing that there is something real which we should find out. Creswell (2003) states that pip positivism refers the thinking and after positivism intriguing the absolute truth and recognizing that we can not be positive around claims of knowledge when studying the behaviors and action of human. Post positivism reflects in determining the effects or outcomes, examining the causes that reflect the outcomes by doing experiments, reducing the ideas into a small, set of ideas to test such as variables that constitute hypothesis and research questions, developing numeric measures of observations and studying the behavior of individuals. The trouble studied by post positivist refers that there is a need to examine, and canvass the causes so as to interpret the outcomes. Post positivist can also be a reductionism where the variables of hypothesis and research questions are selected and carefully analy zed.Knowledge claims that arise for my independent study are Post positivism, believing that the assure time can be minify in realty with the help of an algorithm. It is also believed that either work work order can be optimized with the help of authentic algorithm. The knowledge claims that refer to my study are Post-positivism which includes combination of determination, observation and measurement of the resist time. The study involves recognizing the possible causes of a factor (work order) and determining the effects ( ride out time) of a factor by a careful observation and finally minimizing the effect or improving the performance (Productivity) of a system. The study involves development of a hit-or-miss data for careful observation of the delay time and analyzing the generated data in a real-time analysis for finding out the causes such as delay time and its effect o the productivity of the system. Then an algorithm is developed to test the behavior of the data so as to improve the performance of the system.Strategies of inquiryA full stop of inquiry in quantitative research includes numerical summaries, generalizations crosswise populations and comparisons between populations. The design followed is experimental design in which the researcher examines how the phenomenon changes as a result of developing or implementing a method. Strategies of inquiry provide particularised designs for procedures in the research design. Though strategy of inquiry is using from decades, has become more important with the increase in the computer technology, and the ability to analyze complex good examples. Strategies associated with quantitative research were those that invoked the post positivist perspectives. These include true experiments and less vigorous experiments called quasi-experiments and correlation studies, and special(prenominal) single-subject experiments (Campbell Stanley, 1963). He also states that, in this computer world, quantitative resea rch strategies are involved with complex experiments that can analyze many variables and treatments witht eh help of factorial designs and repeated measure designs. Strategies associated with quantitative approach areA strategy of inquiry that is employed in my study is experiments. The experiments that I conducted for my study include visiting four manufacturing industries, discover the flow of products on different manufacturing takings lines, and finally analyzing the type of model or an algorithm to be developed. Based on my observation, I make up ones mind that the flow of parts on every fabrication line is being obstructed by high process times parts do a waiting of other products which resulting in high delay time for preceding products. This causes the performance of the system and ultimately affecting the productivity of the manufacturing production line. The observation is done in four manufacturing industries, each involving many come of fictionalization lines. Bas ed on the observations data, I concluded that the part times and the product collection times are different for different assembly lines and for different manufacturing industries, so I realized to work on optimizing the haphazard part, product times which should be suitable to any production line. My study has comparison of the data sets with each data set consisting of 500 products of sign generated delay time with final delay time after incorporating the developed algorithm for the delay time. It is an experiment model which involves a creation of random data with Microsoft Excel and analyzing the various machine parameters with the help of Microsoft tools.Research methodsThe most important element in the research process is the methods of data collection and analysis. For quantitative research, the research methods I used are predetermined instrument based questions such as performance data, attitude data, observational data and census statistical data using Microsoft Excel. My research problem is how to develop a universal algorithm to optimize the production work order. It involves identifying the factors that bring the outcomes, and testing the factors with the help of large data. The approach that matches to my problem is quantitative approach. To collect the data, I observed four industry assembly lines and generated a random data after a careful observation by using various closed-ended and open-ended questions and focuses on numeric data so that the results and interpretations are applicable to any type of industry assembly line.The method of data collection for my study is using Microsoft Excel as an instrument that generates a random data which reflects to the data of current manufacturing industries production line consisting of different products with each product having different parts. The purpose of collecting a random data using Excel is to analyze test the algorithm whether it has a definite outcome so that the algorithm is applicable f or any type of data or manufacturing assembly line. Then the analysis includes comparison of the delay times of the original data and the optimized order data for delay time. The analysis includes the implementation of algorithm and application of descriptive statistics.Question 1 functions and utilitys of sections of autonomous studyMy independent study is related to quantitative research model. My study deals with development of an algorithm to arrange production work order for minimizing delay time at on the assembly line. It purely deals with the quantitative random data and uses post positivist claims for the development of sound knowledge for delay time comparison and employs experiments, and generated data aster observing a variety of manufacturing assembly lines, strategies of inquiry social occasion of the quantitative research is to do numerical summaries, generalizations across populations and comparisons between populations. This research primarily relies on quantita tive data. It includes few variables which are the building blocks ( assure time, work order, number of different products) and many cases or categories (Five sets of data with each set consisting of 500 products which are different). These quantitative research methods use experimental designs. Here, every chapter follows a typical pattern. entrePurpose The purpose of an introduction is to provide background information to the refs for the research reported in the study. A good introduction chapter motivates the reader and audiences to go a stop a read the rest of the study. It provides a plan for the research, so that readers will be able to understand how the study is different and related to other research (Creswell, 2003 p.73). It establishes the issue leading to the research by conveying information about a research problem (Creswell, 2003 p.74). In this, the problem is communicate by understanding the factors or variables which are the process time, product order that infl uence an outcome delay time (Creswell, 2003 p.75). It provides the understanding of the problem that explains or relates to an outcome delay time and helps the researcher best understand and explain the problem why the delay time is to be minimized (Creswell, 2003 p. 76). The abridgment of my introduction chapter isIntroduction I introduced in brief about my study, providing a background of what it is with a little bit of books so as to educate the reader.Statement of the problem in the study I defined the problem of my study clearly with an example of a simple manufacturing line. champion problems are also stated in addition to the main problem.Objectives I listed out the objectives of the study that I am qualifying to achieve by solving the above problem.Justification of the study I gave a plea on for what I am working on this study and backing what I say.Benefits of research I listed out the benefits of the research, who are going to benefit by using this study in lo ng term and in short term period.Assumptions, limitations and delimitations I listed out various assumptions that I am going to consider, what limits my study in solving the above problem.Definition of terms and I defined the important terms that the reader should be aware of or know before proceeding into the next chapter. thickset -Summarizing the chapter.Benefits By writing an effective introduction chapter, a reader can augur out the problem leading to the study i.e., how the delay time is optimized by arranging the production work order, reviewing the literature about the problem to find whether there are any related theories that is done by other investigators, identifying deficiencies in the literature about the problem, targeting audiences and notifying the significance of the problem for this audience (Creswell, 2003 p.73).lit ReviewPurpose The purpose of the literature review is to find and learn more about the number and check whether any researcher antecedently has m ade any study or research on the same topic or on the related topic (Creswell, 2003 p.29). If explained in particular of the previous related research, the reader will try to connect the study with previous studies by filling the gaps.(Cooper, 1984 Marshall Rossman, 1999). It provides the importance of the study when compared to the prior studies and also benchmarks the results with other findings. After the careful analysis of the research topic with the help of past research, a clear definition of the problem of the study has been stated. All or some of these reasons may be the foundation for writing the scholarly literature into a study (Miller, 1991).My research is all about how to optimize the assembly lines. I conducted a literature review on single-model assembly lines, mixed-model assembly lines. Then, I narrowed it down to the algorithms dealing with assembly lines involving the optimization or minimization of delay times so as to clearly understand the past research, pr oblems of the past models and clearly define the research problem.Introduction- I explained what I am going to talk in this chapter. And also I will tell what the various important issues I am highlighting are. Assembly line I talked about assembly lines literature, presenting the information related to my study on assembly lines and the prior researcher accomplishments. Delay time- I talked about assembly lines literature, presenting the information related to my study on assembly lines and the prior researcher accomplishments.Algorithms I spoke about paint algorithms as there are so many types related to the study.Summary- Summarizing the chapter.Benefits The literature review helps the researcher to revise the research idea and shows methodological techniques to problems specific to the research problem that will help in designing the study. It also helps to suggest possible questions or hypotheses that need to be addressed (Creswell, 2003 p.46).methodological analysisPurpose The purpose of methodology chapter is to bring focus on survey and experimental modes of inquiry. The researcher will explain which methodology he is using, why he chose that methodology and why he chose not to use other methods. In methodology chapter, the researcher discusses about the framework elements of research such as knowledge claims, strategies of inquiry, and methods. The method that was used to collect data is explained in detail like how did to generate random data of five sets with each set consisting of 500 products using Microsoft Excel ad procedure I followed to find the real-time delay time. The reader will exactly know what was done with the collected data, to the point that he or she can reduplicate the study to get similar results.Introduction- Here I talk about the previous chapter, by concluding some important points that are going to be used in this chapter.Restatement of the problem I restated the problem clearly by narrowing the problem into a specific de finite agency so as to make a clear understanding to the reader after dealing with the prior research work, the accomplishments etc. Because, the stated problem before might not be clear as the research work wasnt done at that time. After knowing the literature review part, the researcher analyzes the problem and states here clearly.Research design- involves framework elements of the research in order to determine the type of approach followed based on the framework elements of research. Then quantitative, qualitative and mixed approaches are compared. In addition to this the validity of the method is also discussed. After knowing the type of approach, proceeded to various go like experiments, data collection. Ethical issues are also considered before homework for data collection.Instrumentation the instruments for conducting an experiment are explained in detail. Types of instruments, specifications are clearly mentioned.Data collection data is collected with the help of instr uments and toolsAnalysis of the data data is ready for the analysis and using statistical tools, or any other techniques are used.Summary- Summarizing the chapter.Benefits With the help of methodology chapter, audiences can recognize the stochastic variable that exists in the qualitative, quantitative and mixed method studies, why I chose a quantitative study for the research problem I defined then it advances general guideline for procedures of the study. These guidelines include a discussion about the general characteristics of the study if the audiences are not familiar with the approach to research.(Source Classroom veridical by Dr. Lynda Kenney)ResultsPurpose The purpose of results chapter is to present the analysis, the tools used for obtaining results so that the reader can understand easily and can be able to interpret and learn what has been done in the study. It needs to be organized in a step-by-step manner in such a way that the collected data, statistical tests, grap hs, charts, are presented for support description for the reader to interpret promptly and accurately (Leedy Ormrod, 2005).IntroductionApplication of algorithmResultsSummary- Summarizing the chapter.Benefits The benefits of the results chapter is for readers to quickly interpret the conclusions and significance with the help of the tables, graphs, charts and conventions obtained from the interpretation and analysis of the data.Flow ChartPurpose The purpose of the flow chart is to explain the process of optimization of the production work order in a step-by-step process that is describe in the study. Sometimes, a simulation model can also be presented for easy understanding. It depicts an outline of the algorithm in a straightforward manner.IntroductionExplanation of the developed algorithm -Flow chartSummary- Summarizing the chapter.Benefits It makes the readers understand easily at a glance what has done in the integral study. It also helps the researcher to make and follow the created flow chart while analyzing the data.DiscussionPurpose The purpose of the discussion chapter is to highlight the main theories and conclusions used in the research study so that a reader can easily figure out what theories the researcher used in implementing and analyzing the data. Each study conclusion is clearly explained with the help of chart, graphs and tables and compared with the results of the similar work by other investigators. Then, the researcher continually connects her findings with the theoretical frameworks. Any new or unusual results are also explained (Leedy Ormrod, 2005). If the researcher is not sure about the significance of the results or could not understand the phenomenon of the data, he presents a speculative discussion outlining several possible outcomes by alerting the readers that such a discussion is speculative. Finally, he outlines the important results he thinks of with the study.IntroductionDiscussion of the resultsAdvantages of the results Outline of important resultsSummaryBenefits The benefits of the discussion chapter are to make grand conclusions which support the subsequent paragraphs. Here, the entire conclusions, implications or the effects due to each conclusion including the minor and major effects are presented. The discussion also includes the method of computation or derivation of the study. Such situation arises when one figure is derived from preceding figures. If the application or method is involved, then a complete example with the method is to be explained for complete understanding to the reader. Finally, explained the significance and outcomes of the study.Conclusions and RecommendationsPurpose The purpose of the conclusions chapter is to make a summary of the conclusions in reference to the objectives and the problem stated in introduction chapter. The researcher also points out both what are found and what are not found. It is also the section examined by the prospective reader with limited avai lable time (Leedy Ormrod, 2005).IntroductionRestatement of the problemConclusionsRecommendationsBenefits Although the researcher has antecedently presented each of the conclusions, conclusions chapter tell us the reader the ultimate effect or the benefit of the study. In my study, I have explained how the delay time is minimized or optimized by arranging the production work order so that it is quite helpful to readers, who might easily lose track of some important conclusions as they read earlier portions of a study (Leedy Ormrod, 2005). In addition to this, a prospective reader will able to quickly examine the research in limited time. I explained the benefits of my study that findings of this research will aid industries, retails stores by demonstrating how the algorithm is currently used, and how retail stores can assist customers to implement universal algorithm. Industries may benefit from models of evaluating arrangement of parts of a product on an assembly line.REFERENCESLe edy, P. D., Ormrod, J. E. (2005). Practical Research planning and Design. PEARSON. Columbus. Ohio.Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. Second Edition, SAGE. Thousand Oaks. USA.Olds, B., Moskal, B. Miller, R. assessment in Engineering preparation, Journal of Engineering Education , to see Jan. 2005.Moskal, B., Leydens, J. Pavelich, M. Validity, reliability and the assessment of engineering education. Journal of Engineering Education , Vol. 91, nary(prenominal) 3, 351-354, 2002.Leydens, J., Moskal, B. Pavilich, M. ,Qualitative Methods Used in the Assessment of Engineering Education. Journal of Engineering Education , 93(1), 65-72, 2004.Hunston, Susan, 1993. Professional conflict. Disagreement in academic discourse. In Baker, M., Francis, G.,Tognini-Bonelli, E. (Eds.), Text and Technology. In Honour of John Sinclair. John Benjamins, Philadelphia/Amsterdam, pp. 115-134.Dahl. T, 2008. Contributing to the academic convers ation A study of new knowledge claims in economics and linguistics, Journal of Pragmatics 40, 1184-1201D.C. Philips Nicholas C. Burbules (2000) Post

How You Are Using Reflective Practice Nursing Essay

How You Are Using pensive Pr boutice breast feeding EssayThe aim of this assignment is to discuss how I am using broody radiation diagram and calculates of stock in my travel to becoming a health victor. Through this discussion, the relationship between reflection, politys of conduct, and lord study entrust be demonstrated. For the purposes of this assignment, references to a reflection on an conniption of my clinical practice namely maintaining patient of confidentiality, will be do (see appendix). This reflection is guided by Gibbs Reflective Cycle (1988) (cited in Jasper, 2003, p. 77). I selected this framework as it allows one to reflect in a magisterial manner on positive aspects of the have got as well as areas for improvement. Indeed, this aspect of my clinical practice will form the context of this assignment, as well as other relevant standards of conduct (Nursing Midwifery Council (NMC), 2008). The spare-time activity paragraphs will discuss codes of conduc t and the process of reflection with reference to my headmaster suppuration.Nursing practice is underpinned by clear regulatory formulas (the NMC code of conduct, 2008). The code provides standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives and is a tool in safeguarding the wellbeing of the public. As Goldsmith (2011, p. 12) states, the code should be drug abused to guide daily practice. However, Sutcliffe (2011) argues that the code can be difficult to implement in practice. Sutcliffes principle is support by first-hand get wind during my placement. The following excerpt summarizes the experience on which I reflectedDuring visiting hours on the ward a gentleman approached me to ask for the whereabouts of a patient (this patient had recently gone to theatre). In a right-hand manner, I proceeded to inform the gentleman of the patients location. However, the conversation was interrupted by a member of staff who correctly established the identity of the visitor. In these circumstances, I did not uphold a key principle of the code to applaud peoples right to confidentiality (NMC, 2008, p.3) in spite of the fact that I had learnt about this principle prior to going on placement. This key standard of conduct is reiterated in the focusing published by the Department of health (DH, 2003) and by the Caldicott topic (1997) (cited in Crook, 2003). Whilst reflecting-on-action following this experience, the code offered a benchmark against which I evaluated my pro conduct. As a developing health professional I learnt that I must respect a persons right to confidentiality and I must act as an advocate for those who I am helping to trade for.My contemplative process highlighted the importance of regularly referring to the code and other supporting guidance so as to develop my professional practice in this area. In my reflection, I propose an action picture for managing subsequent situations. This action plan applies other pertinent aspects of t he code, for example, to work in effect as part of a team, to share information with your colleagues (NMC, 2008, p.5) and to keep clear and accurate records (NMC, 2008, p. 6). With reference to applying these principles to my practice hereafter, I would consult the patients notes to confirm next of kin and patients location (i.e. theatre) and effectively communicate with colleagues about this situation. Furthermore, confidentiality is underpinned by trust (Pattison Wainwright, 2010). Gibbs action plan (1988) functioned as an aid to my encyclopaedism and development. Throughout my career I plan to examine and reflect on the fundamentals of the code whenever I am sentiment of my learning objectives and professional development (Goldsmith, 2011).Johns (2004, p. 1) proposes that the meditative process is a right smart of being within everyday practice. To illustrate this further, the technique allows the practitioner to bewilder mindful of self within the context of a particular experience. The conception is to resolve incongruity between a practitioners own vision and echt experience (Johns, 2004). Schn (1987) (cited in Johns, 2004, p.1) distinguishes between reflection-on-action (as shown by my reflection) and reflection-in-action. For example, reflection-in-action refers to occasions when a practitioner takes a momentary pause during a particular experience in order to make sense of it and to consider how best to proceed. Consequently, as we become accustomed to thoughtfully analysing our practice following an event (on-action), the index to reflect-in-action becomes a part of everyday practice (Johns, 2004). Mention should be make here of an absence of conventional research to support this argument although anecdotic evidence has been found (Johns, 2004).These two layers of reflection namely in-action and on-action, are the creation of professional development. For me, reflection as a learning process will facilitate the move from a novice learner to an original expert, by means of developing implicit friendship accumulated from past experiences (ORegan Fawcett, 2006). As I reflect on subsequent experiences in the remit of patient confidentiality, I will develop practical and professional knowledge. The benefits of using reflective practice have been well documented. ORegan Fawcett (2006) explains that the process reduces the gap between conjectural knowledge and nursing practice and fosters the development wisdom and implicit knowledge. Fawcetts argument has been illustrated by my reflective process.It is important to discuss what it means to be a professional nurse in order to evaluate its significance to the reflective process and codes of conduct. A registered nurse acquires a body of specialist knowledge from the educational and practical setting. However, the idea of holding a body of knowledge is arguably less important than the ability to draw on intuitive knowledge, tuned through previous practical experimentat ion and reflection (Schn, 1987 Stevenson, 1990). My personal experience of the reflective process is that it facilitates the move from reflection-on-action to reflection-in-action. Similarly, this sophisticated skill reduces the perceived theory-practice gap. (To summarise this discussion, I have used Gibbs reflective cycle to reflect on an aspect of my clinical practice namely patient confidentiality. The code (NMC, 2008) has functioned as a benchmark against which I have evaluated my professional knowledge and behaviour. Indeed, the NMC advocates the use of reflective practice for professional growth. I can conclude that an better skill in reflective thinking will drive my professional growth. Similarly, the values highlighted by the code are equally essential for the development of my professional accountability. It is important to note that the mutual function of reflective practice, codes of conduct and professional development is to ultimately deliver excellent nursing care t o our patients.ReferencesCrook, M. A. (2003) The Caldicott report and patient confidentiality. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 56 (6) 426-428.Department of wellness (DH). (2003) Confidentiality NHS code of practice. Leeds DH.Gibbs, G. (1988) Learning by doing a guide to teaching and learning methods. Oxford Further Education Unit, Oxford Brookes University.Goldsmith, J. (2011) The NMC code conduct, performance and ethics. Nursing Times, 107 (37) 12-14.Institute of Health Records and Information Management. (1997) The Caldicott Report. London IHRIM.Jasper, M. (eds.) (2003) Beginning reflective practice. Cheltenham Nelson Thornes.Johns, C. (2004) Becoming a reflective practitioner. 2nd ed. Oxford Blackwell Publishing.Nursing Midwifery Council (NMC). (2008) The code standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives online. available from http//www.nmc-uk.org/Documents/Standards/The-code-A4-20100406.pdf Accessed 25 February 2013.ORegan, H. Fawcett, T. (2006) Learnin g to nurse reflections on bathing a patient. Nursing Standard, 20 (46) 60-64.Pattison, S. Wainwright, P. (2010) Is the 2008 NMC code ethical? Nursing Ethics, 17 (1) 9-18.Schn, D. (1987) Educating the Reflective Practitioner. San Francisco Jossey-Bass.Stevenson, J. S. (1990) The development of nursing knowledge accelerating the pace. In Chaska, N. I. (ed.) The nursing profession turning points. St Louis The C.V. Mosby Company. pp. 597-607.Sutcliffe, H. (2011) concord the NMC code of conduct a student perspective. Nursing Standard, 25 (52) 35-39.

Design of Shaft | Basis of rigidity

blueprint of eff Basis of rigidityDESIGN OF SHAFT ON THE substructure OF RIGIDITY AND STRENGTH CALCULATION AND ANGLE OF TWISTDesign of shooting A drive in is a rotating member usually of poster crossection ( unfluctuating or cut into), which is utilise to transmit power and rotary doingal motion. Axles are non rotating member. Elements such as gears, pulleys (sheaves), flywheels , clutches , and sprockets are mounted on the irradiation and are used to transmit power from the driving device(motor or railway locomotive) through a machine. The rotational force (tortuosity) is contractable to these elements on the shaft by press fit, keys, dowel, pins. The shaft rotates on rolling contact or bush bearings. sundry(a) types of retaining rings, thrust bearings, grooves and steps in the shaft are used to take up axial wads and locate the rotating elements.Design of Shafts on the Basis of rigidness Shafts must be rigid enough to avoid excessive deflexion Two types of rigidit y Torsional rigidity Lateral rigidityTorsional Rigidity primary(prenominal) for camshafts where timing of the valves are important Estimate the total angle of nothingness in radians Use torsion compareLateral Rigidity primary(prenominal) for Transmission shafting Shafts running at high speed Lateral warp must be minimised to avoid Gear teeth alignment problems sort related problems The lateral deflection (y) and the slope () whitethorn be driven by equations from the bearing of materialsDesign of Shafts Based on Strength Stresses in Shafts Shear stresses due to torsional load Bending stresses due to the forces coming from gears, pulleys, etcetera Stresses due to combined torsional and plication loads weight down of twist for circular membersAngle of twist When one end of shaft is fixed and the early(a) end is twisted, the angle twisted is the angle of twist.Find the relative rotation of section B-B with respect to section A-A of the solid elastic shaft as shown in the wh en a constant torque T is being transmitted through it. The polar charget of inertia of the cross-sectional area J is constant.Concepts involvedAngle of twist in circular membersFormulae used= Txdx/JGWhere,= Angle of twistTx = torque at distance xJx = polar moment of area at distance xG = Shear modulus declarationStep 1 here n either torque nor J changes with x so,Tx = T and Jx = JAnd limit is between 0 to L so we get=TL/JGNoteIn applying the above equation, note peculiarly that the angle must be expressed in radians. Also incur the great similarity of this relation equation =PL/AE, for axially sozzled bars. Here T P, J , and G E. By the analogy, this equation can be recast to express the torsional spring constant, or torsional stiffness, kt asKt = T/ = JG /L N-m/radThis constant torque required to cause a rotation of 1 radian, i.e., = 1. It depends only on the material properties and the size of the member. As for axially loaded bars, one can visualize torsion members a s springs.The reciprocal of kt defines the torsional flexibleness ft. Hence, for a circular solid or hollow shaft.ft = 1/kt = L / JG rad/N-mThis constant defines the rotation resulting from application of a social unit torque, i.e., T = 1. On multiplying by the torque T, one obtains the current equation .Shaft DesignShaft Design consists generally of the determination of the right shaft diameter to ensure satisfactory strength and rigidity when the shaft is transmitting power under various in operation(p) and loading conditions. Shafts are usually circular in cross section, and may be either hollow or solid.Design of shafts of ductile materials, found on strength, is controlled by the maximum shear theory. And the shafts of brittle material would be designed on the basis of the maximum normal stress theory.Various loads subjected on Shafting are torsion, bending and axial loads.Torsional stresses () The Torsional formula is given byT/J=G /L=/rHere T=torque or Torsional moment , N-mm J=polar moment of inertia, mm4 = d4/32 ,Where d is the solid shaft diameter. = ( do 4- d i 4 ) /32 Where do and di are outer and inner diameter of the hollow shaft respectively.G=Modulus of elasticity in shear or modulus of rigidity, MPa=Angle of twist, radiansl= continuance of shaft , mmr= Distance from the Neutral axis to the net most fibre , mm= d/2 (For solid shaft)= do /2(For hollow shaft)Shear () stress on the outer surface ofa shaft, for a torque (T) For solid circular section = Tr / J = 16T / d3For hollow circular section = Tr / J =16T do / do 4- d i 4 )Design of Shafts for Fatigue (Fluctuating Loads) Shafts are generally subjected to fluctuating torques and bending moments may fail due to devolve Combined shock and fatigue factors must be taken into account Modify the equivalent writhe and bending moments.Power Transmitting Shaft* Shaft Design consists primarily of the determination of the correct shaft diameter to ensure satisfactory strength and rigidity when the shaft is transmitting power under various operating and loading conditions. Shafts are usually circular in cross section, and may be either hollow or solid.* Design of shafts of ductile materials, based on strength, is controlled by the maximum shear theory. And the shafts of brittle material would be designed on the basis of the maximum normal stress theory.* Various loads subjected on Shafting are torsion, bending and axial loads.Crank Shaft* A folderolshaft is used to convert reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary motion or vice versa. The crankshaft consists of the shaft parts, which revolve in the main bearings, the crank pins to which the big ends of the link uping rod are connected, the crank arms or webs, which connect the crankpins, and the shaft parts. The crankshaft, depending upon the position of crank, may be divided into the following 2 types.* The crankshaft is the principal member of the crank train or crank assembly, which last mentioned convert s the reciprocating motion of the pistons into rotary motion. It is subjected to both torsional and bending stresses, and in modern high-speed, multi-cylinder engines these stresses may be greatly increased by resonance, which not only renders the engine noisy, but also may fracture the shaft. In addition, the crankshaft has both living bearings (or main bearings) and crankpin bearings, and all of its bearing surfaces must be sufficiently lifesize so that the unit bearing load cannot become excessive even under the most unfavorable conditions. At high speeds the bearing loads are due in large part to changing forces-inertia and centrifugal. Fortunately, loads on main bearings due to centrifugal force can be reduced, and even completely eliminated, by the provision of suitable counterweights. All dynamic forces increase as the square of the speed of rotation. (i.e. FDynamicSpeed2)REFRENCES* Engineering mechanics unchanging and dynamics my A.K. Tayal* www.sciencedirect.com* Mechai cal Sciences by G.K. LAL* www.physicsclassroom.com

Effective Community Participation Strategies Management Essay

Effective fellowship Participation Strategies Management Essay accessionCommunity sectionalizationnership is the creation of opportuni guides to enable solely members of a friendship to actively devote to and influence the emergence process, while sharing equitably in the fruits of development (UN 1981). Midgley, H altogether, Hardiman and Narine (1986) define troth booking as the steer interest group of ordinary state in topical anaesthetic anesthetic anaesthetic affairs. Community employment can be summed up as a means of educating citizens in order to increase their competence. Reid (2000) defines familiarity participation as a vehicle for influencing finiss that affect lives of citizens and an avenue for transferring political power. However, it can also be a mechanism for ensuring accountability, receptivity and sensitivity of social answers to topical anaesthetic communities. sure-fire union participation allows confederacy members to act in reply to r eality concerns, empowers association members to openly give their views ab fall out decisions that affect them and to actively feature responsibility for changes in their league.Importance of Community ParticipationAccording to WHO (2002), union participation helps communities to target resources more than utilely and efficiently, allowing concourse to become more responsive to lodge needs and take responsibility. Communities have a riches of untapped resources and energy that can be harnessed and mobilized with confederation participation.Community participation methods empower populate to creatively develop skills and pass on competencies and capacities inside communities. Furthermore, advance and more sustainable decisions ar make by involving communities in decision devising because familiarity participation is a course of extending the democratic process by opening up governance and redressing contrast in power. It offers new opportunities for creative thinking, innovative planning and development (WHO 2002). Heberlein (1976) notes that better community decisions are the ones that involve citizens at community level and they are generally more acceptable to local anesthetic mountain. organise (1975) argues that citizen participation in community affairs serves to check and balance political activities by allowing overfull access to benefits of a democratic society. This increases democracy and combats exclusion. WHO (2002) points out that community participation in decision making, planning and implantation is a human right. It is whence important to implement new constructions of governance that transcend citizens creation viewed as passive recipients of services provided by agencies and decided by few representatives. This leave alone open up genuine community participation at grassroots, authority of local communities and create a understanding of citizenship.Community participation ensures will power and sustainabilit y of programs, provides a source of information, knowledge as comfortably as give birth and eliminates deficiencies in the society, empowering members to put emphasis on problem solving (Christensen and Robinson 1980). Cahn and motor home (1968) suggest that merely knowing that one can inscribe in community development and become accountable for development of a local community promotes dignity and self sufficiency within the individual. Interestingly, Cook (1975) points out that community participation can legitimise a program, its plans, actions and leadership, which brings the difference amongst conquest and failure of the program. Programs that lack community nip and tuck end up failing while the ones embraced by the community become sure-fire. WHO (2002) views community participation as an essential tool for ensuring that layventions and programs aimed at promoting health, wellbeing, quality of life and environmental protection are sustainable.Reid (2000) argues that a ctive community participation is the key to construction an empowered community. Participating communities are open to involvement by all chemical groups and responsibilities are divided with an aim of engaging special talents and interests of contri besidesing organizations and individuals so decentralising power and responsibilities. Participating communities carry out their activities openly and publicise them widely. The citizens are well informed about community work as well as their opportunities for personal involvement in meaningful roles (Reid 2000 and Cook 1975). Successful community participation involves alive(p) communities that do not divide against each other. Such communities willingly offer themselves to community involvement and serve their activities with an open mind. They are not controlled by any single organization, group or philosophy and their leadership is used to facilitate discussion of renewal of viewpoints instead of pushing for its own agenda.Wha t Makes Effective Community ParticipationCommunity participation requires going beyond consulting to make citizens an integral part of decision making and action process. It should not be viewed as a solution to initiatives or agendas from politicians and professionals (WHO 2002). Spiegal (1968) notes that citizen participation is the only process that can meaningfully tie community development programs to members of local communities. The participation programs involve a remarkable number of hoi polloi in situations or actions that conjure up their well being. It involves peoples income, their security, time, commitment, skills and even their self esteem.According to Brager, Specht and Torczyner (1987) there are trio major aspects to be considered for successful community participation, namely the kind of community participation under consideration, type or nature of people participating and how the participation takes coif. Evans (1974) also points out the significance of i ssues such as, who participates, the nature of activities that people participate in, why they participate and how the activities they are participating in contribute to principles that they value as a community. Sharing community responsibilities, assuming technical intentions for all stake holders involved in community initiatives and affirming the community strengths brings one to the community and creates effective community participation.According to WHO (2002), valuing participatorship between local communities and sponsors of a community initiative and confirming benefits of the initiative is a decisive tool for effective community participation. Local communities do not indispensableness to be treated as being helpless. Treating them with respect no event how poor they are, listening to them and learning from them boosts their morale to participate and own the community initiatives (UNCHS 1986). Smithies and Webster (1998) argue that successful community participation m ust have support at community grassroots level, with full consultation and involvement of local communities in planning and execution of instrument of such initiatives. Research has shown that community initiatives implement through resourcing grassroots work and local action with both geographic communities and communities of interest as the starting point for community initiatives has yielded great success and proved effective and sustainable. This process has often led to establishment of assurance and mutual respect between communities and professionals intending to work with such communities to achieve desire objectives.WHO (2002) identifies networking for the offers of facilitating development of community and professional infrastructure as an integral part of effective community participation. Networking gives an fortune to communities, professionals and all those involved in community projects to manage common experiences, strengthen competencies and build alliances that focus on realization and realisation of potential people in organizations working to ensure effectiveness, capabilities and adaptability within the context of community participation.Effective community participation involves planning of concept, process, structure and content Smithies and Webster (1998). This ensures meaningful and long-term community participation at all stages of community projects. This requires an effective two way communication to ensure that the views of community members are incorporated into strategic plan.Spiegal (1968) observes that local communities should be given an opportunity and responsibility to manage their own resources, define their needs, aspirations and make decisions affecting their well being. An effective community participation program is therefore established on the basis that local people have the innate capametropolis to visit and act on their own problems. The approach of such initiatives should be people centered and consensus drive and involve vulnerable groups of such as people with disabilities and the elderly. They should also have a gender balance.Cahn and Camper (1968) argue that sustainable and inclusive community participation should aim at developing community infrastructures, whereby formal arrangements for communication, consultation, collaboration as well as informal networks for inter agency liaison should be developed with a shared instinct and a common purpose. All stakeholders should work in partnership to share skills and be committed to mutual learning and joint training as they appreciate and acknowledge resources that communities have in terms of expertise. Barriers to community involvement should be addressed by availing resources and taking positive approach towards construct effective communication among all stake holders and adequate information management. in that respect should be good governance and transparency in decision making to avoid prejudice.Barriers to Effective Co mmunity ParticipationUSAID (2000) notes that community initiatives are super likely to fail in societies where there is unfair distribution of benefits of community participation or community work among local members. Highly individualist societies where there is little or no sand of community partnership are faced with lack of cooperation, selfishness, corruption and at times misdirection of resources that could benefit the entire community.Bass (1995) observes that community initiatives that lack policies, laws and institutions that encourage, support, manage and yield local participation in planning and development process are faced with challenges of failing. The success of any community participation initiative is by and large dependent upon the precise strategy scope, goals and likely participants. Political and cultural tidy sum dictate the extent in which community initiatives succeed. Community initiatives influence by bad governance and political interference never ben efit the locals but are only used by politicians as political milestones.mayonnaise and Craig (1995) note that communities need an appropriate organisational structure put in place for them to express their interests and build effective community participation. People are loth to join community initiatives whose organisational structures are cumbersome, time consuming, dictatorial or grossly insufficient. Communities that have little knowledge or limited information on the nature and benefits of community initiatives withdraw their participation and often oppose the initiatives because they are hardly involved in their planning and decision making. cutting StudiesCase Study 1 Newcastle City CouncilNewcastle metropolis council works through partnership with other organisations such as police, universities, health service providers, all groups and individuals from community, involuntary and private sectors to ensure that community initiatives influence the future prosperity of the c ity (Newcastle city council). The council has a variety of community participation initiatives that have been sooner successful such as building schools for future, whose principal(prenominal) vision is to raise aspirations, opportunities and achievements of all Newcastle residents and to create a culture of learning that enhances creativity and sparing prosperity. Other Newcastle city council initiatives include the rough sleepers initiative and housing initiatives.The main objectives of Newcastle city council are to develop and sustain opportunities for local people and groups for the purpose of influencing what goes on within their communities, to create opportunities aimed at shaping and influencing quality service economy to local communities, to manage and coordinate engagement activities for consistency, quality and partner participation. The Newcastle city council aspires to ensure that community development activities provide opportunities for entire community to partici pate in community programs and share their skills (Newcastle city council).These objectives have been achieved through priorities such as successful coordination and leadership of participatory community initiatives, development of protocols, toolkits and performance management framework. The council has a web based resource for effective consultation as well as inclusive ward committee structures to establish views of all community groups, to improve coordination with partners in engagement activities and to enhance skills and expertise in community development participation (Newcastle city council). from each one ward in Newcastle has a neighborhood resolution manager and a neighborhood response team to ensure that views of residents are incorporated in service delivery. Most of the decisions are do through effective consultation with local community groups, which are then involved in effectuation of such decisions through active participation in service delivery (Newcastle ci ty council). Newcastle city council has been a successful community initiative through active participation of local communities at grassroots,Case Study 2 The Tsunami ProjectFollowing the Tsunami disaster, several groups of grant makers such as the American Jewish society, globular fund for children, Global green grants fund, Oxfam America and Global fund for women among others positively responded to assist the affected communities. However, a closer weigh at available literature on Tsunami shows that the central role of local organisations such as mechanisms for ensuring local participation is widely recognised passim the Tsunami community initiatives. However, it is evidently clear that grassroots participation in Tsunami response was insignificant, this forced local communities to compete for resources and recognition (Roper and Harvey 2006).The Tsunami initiatives seem to have been driven by what grant makers had planned and purposed to deliver instead of being driven by t he needs of local communities involved. The initiatives were planned and implemented without consultations with local communities. This made it difficult for more sensitive issues emerging afterwards the disaster to be addressed because beneficial roles could only be achieved through tapping into existing community groups, focusing on marginalised groups to strengthen their capabilities, building solidarity across social divides, funding women- led initiatives to promote gender equality and giving local people an opportunity in coordinating performance of temporary shelter (Roper and Harvey, 2006).The objectives of Tsunami response by several organisations were not well defined to members of the local community, there was little involvement of local communities in planning and implementation of Tsunami initiatives and this made the local communities feel like they were left out of the projects, without a sense of ownership hence it was difficult to address the real problems facin g communities after the Tsunami disaster.ConclusionThis research paper started by defining and discussing community participation initiatives and what makes community participation initiatives to be successful. Community strategies and initiatives are only successful when the local communities are fully involved in planning and implementation of such initiatives. Participatory community initiatives bring psychological satisfaction to members of the local communities, giving them a sense of ownership to community initiatives while tapping into the boundless potential of skills and knowledge from local communities.Through the two case studies discussed, Newcastle city council has been a successful community initiative because local communities are actively involved in planning and implementation of community initiatives. This gives them a sense of ownership and the ability to identify with the initiatives and contribute to the total well being of the entire community through particip ation. They are not afraid of religious offering their expertise because they know the benefits of being involved in community initiatives. On the other hand, local communities were not given a chance to participate in planning and implementation of Tsunami project. The implementing agencies viewed communities as desperate people and did not give them an opportunity to air their views or become involved in planning and implementation of the project. This led to unfruitful results in implementation of the community initiative, with massive failure of the projects and even increased risks to local communities after implementation of the projects.Community participation is not an idle principle. Communities that have chosen to come in it find that not only do they derive more satisfaction from the joy that comes from open community involvement, but they also achieve more results, more rapidly and with greater benefit to the community as a whole. In short, participating communities su cceed better than those that only pay mouthpiece service to this important principle.

Hughes Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate

Hughes Women and sexual urge in Islam historical Roots of a Modern line In the Hughes text, Women in World History Volume 1, the chapter on center(a) Eastern women focuses on how Islam affected their lives. Almost immediately, the authors wisely observe that Moslem womens rights have varied significantly with time, by region, and by illuminate (152). They continue with the warning that there is far too much renewal to be adequately described in a few pages. However, I argue that there is essential information and insight on tell topic that the authors have failed to include, as well as areas of discussion with uncompleted analyses. I will use Leila Ahmeds book, Women and Gender in Islam Historical Roots of a Modern Debate, as well as her try on entitled Early Islam and the Position of Women The Problem of Interpretation, to cite the shortcomings of the text. After the number 1 part of the Hughes chapter on pith Eastern Muslim women, the emphasis shifts, from legeric philosophy regarding women to how Muslim law and scholarship have interpreted the Qurans direct admonitions to women. However, this shift is unfortunately subtle. The authors fail to make a do distinction between the Quran, a sacred text believed to be the unmediated word of God and Muslim law, which was formulated by (male) Muslim jurists who consulted the Quran and whose consensus was later declared infallible (Ahmed 58). Such a distinction is infallible because the Quran itself is vastly different from a legal document Ahmed observes in Early Islam and the Position of Women that Quranic precepts consist mainly of broad, general propositions chiefly of an ethical nature, rather than specific legalistic formulations (59). Indeed, the Qura... ...areas of emphasis. In contrast, Leila Ahmed analyzes representations and mores of Muslim women in different amicable and religious contexts in order to draw conclusions about their effect on womens--and mens in relation to wom ens--status, in earlier periods of Islam, as well as the further-reaching implications they have had for modern Muslim societies. Works Cited Ahmed, Leila. Women and Gender in Islam Historical Roots of a Modern Debate. New harbour and London Yale University Press, 1992. Ahmed, Leila. Early Islam and the Position of Women The Problem of Interpretation. In Women in Middle Eastern History Shifting Boundaries in Sex and Gender, ed. Nikki R. Keddie and Beth Baron. New oasis and London Yale University Press, 1991. Hughes, Sarah Shaver, and Brady Hughes. Women in World History. Vol. 1. Armonk, N.Y., and London M.E. Sharpe, 1995.

Getting Well at Get Well Essay example -- Medicine Physical Therapy Pa

startting Well at find Well In this ethnography I will take a imagine at the differences brought into my place of employment, a physical therapy clinic, which we will mobilize Get Well. I explored the sketchpoints of patients, therapists, and the physical therapy aides like myself on the issues of either the job or therapy. I wanted to get a look at the divergent ideas of patients and my co-workers because our age rages are so distinct. We treat senile patients and students in junior high school. The different ages bring on different opinions of what therapy reall(a)y is to some people. This is yet another example of how every peerless has their own opinions and views on things. In the screen written by Kenneth L. Pike entitled, A stereoscopic windowpane On The World, he explains the differences of etic and emic perspectives when conducting an ethnography. He states, Different people may see the same event in different ways. He explains this end-to-end his essay. As is my study my view as an outsider would be considered the etic view and the patients would be considered the emic perspective. Pike begins with an example of his own experience of interpreting situations with others. He and another woman had two opposite takes on the same situation. The essay then goes on to explain the difference in situations with reference to the etic and emic perspectives. Get Well is a fairly large facility located in a conservative society mostly made up of Caucasians. This middle-class society is the small town of Romeo, Michigan. This clinic is located on Van decametre Road between Thirty-one and Thirty-two mile roads. It is directly across the street from another physical therapy clinic whose patients always believe they are in ... ...hotherapy clinic rather than a physical therapy clinic. You have the young and old and all have similar problems, but yet they are so different. I sometimes get the impression that patients do no wa nt to see to me because I am so young. The young patients tend to take my book of instructions more seriously than the elderly do. They would rather hear it from the therapist himself. The study differences in patients attitudes all depend on their age. I enjoy working at the clinic because it is such a diverse place and not one day is ever the same. As I learned from my co-workers interviews just take everything with a grain of salt. Living with peoples opinions and attitudes is just part of our everyday life. Works CitedPike, Kenneth. A Stereoscopic Window on the World. 23 February 1998. 9 December 2001 http//www.sil.org/klp/eticemic.htm.

Fragile Families Essay -- Article Review, Family Policy

Fragile Families Articles and How They Contribute to Family polityThis paper will review two articles pertaining to fragile families and assess how they befriend contribute to family policy. Fragile families atomic number 18 very pertinent to the core of family policy. In the 1990s the term fragile families originated out of a have to strike families not fitting into the traditional married unmarried couples with children (McLanahan, Garfinkel, Mincy, & Donahue, 2010). Over a 60 year period non-marital births of children increased significantly. In 1940, 4% of children born(p) were to non-married p atomic number 18nts. However, by 2007 this number reached a high of 40%. These families can be compromised of cohabitating couples, non-cohabitating couples, or single mothers (Kalil & Ryan, 2010). They are deemed fragile because they are more apt(predicate) to stimulate difficulties economicalalally and relationship wise. They tend to be more impoverished, experience material hardship, and have absent fathers. More importantly fragile families are of great concern because they often lack stability as a family unit. Yet, fragile families have become angiotensin-converting enzyme of the new family types and seem to be a permanent structure steadily on the rise. Bogenschneider (2006) stated that one of the main underlying issues of the family policy debate is the conflicting ideas of families (types). These conflicts are obvious when you look at the 3 perspectives with regard to family policy Concerned, Sanguine, and Impatient. This is why on that point has been increased focus on this new type of family. One of the issues that need be assessed with regard to fragile families is mothers economic conditions and their support systems. (McLanahan et al., 2010).Kalil and Ryan (2010), discuss mot... ... Craigie, and Gunn, 2010). Second, make out factors that place the child at risk such as a lack of parent involvement. Third, directly address childrens ri sk by means of early child hood education amongst other things. There are also policy changes that can be implemented with regard to mothers economic plights and the resources available to them. There should be a strengthening of community found programs that aid mothers and a focus on them working efficiently (Kalil & Ryan, 2010). safe nets provided in the form of things such as food stamps need to be strengthened as well. Policies should support these resources and have an ultimate goal of economic self sufficiency for mothers in fragile families. The issues presented allow policy makers to be well informed of the possible risks associate with fragile families and the issues they face, especially economically.

Personal Hygiene: Preventing Infections and Diseases Essay -- clean and

In to daytimes culture, brusque personal hygiene is typically unacceptable and frowned upon. People dont want to be around anyone who smells severely or isnt denudate. Consequences from scurvy personal hygiene preempt develop into potentially serious diseases much(prenominal) as hepatitis A, streptococcus, staph infections, common colds, influenza, typhoid, lice and even dental diseases, including, gingivitis, gum disease, plaque, and bad breath. These are all far too common within our workplaces, schools, and day to day life, but I can easily balked them by maintaining earnest personal hygiene, which involves washing my hands, brushing my teeth, bathing, personal grooming, and doing my laundry properly. The key to preventing about of these infections and diseases is properly washing my hands and knowing when to wash them. I cant see germs with my naked eye, so I wash them when they are dirty, before, during, and after food preparation, before I eat, after using the restro om, pinch soiled clothing, animals, animal waste, the trash, or sneezing, coughing, and blowing my nose, and before and after treating wounds and sick people. thither is more to washing my hands than soap and water. I must scratch all surfaces of my hand, including my wrist, the back of my hand, between my fingers, and under my fingernails for at least 20 seconds. The combination of scrubbing and an antibacterial soap helps to remove germs. Then I rinse my hands in warm water, drying them well with a mop hand towel, paper towel, or air dryer. If soap is unavailable, I intention an alcohol based hand sanitizer.Another factor in the legal profession of poor personal hygiene is addressing the prevention of dental diseases and infections. I brush my teeth at least twice a day in a vertical or circ... ...rive in our dirty laundry baskets or hampers. I ever use a different basket for my clean laundry. I separate my clothing into three piles, aslope, whites, and towels, to wash se parately. Washing my colored clothes and towels in cold water and my whites in hot water, I follow the directions on my detergent bottle to ensure the correct get is used per load. I also use a cup of decolourise in my white clothes. When my laundry is done, I dry, fold, and put my clothes remote so they stay clean for the next time I solve to wear them.It is essential to maintain good personal hygiene to prevent the spreading of germs and bacteria and to maintain a clean lifestyle and appearance. With the always increasing populations and crowded cities, our members of culture should make sure to repulse a few spare minutes out of their busy days to take better care of their personal hygiene.

Microprocessor-based Mobile Robot with On-board Vision System Driving Range Golf Ball Retriever :: essays research papers

Microprocessor-based Mobile Robot with On-board Vision System Driving cast Golf Ball RetrieverThe Golf Retrieving Mobile Robot is an undergraduate dissertation of the DLSU students. It is a robot that is open(a) of retrieving golf cranks automatically without the assistance of a psyche. This is very riding habitful in a capricious range or the area where golfers practice their swings to hit golf balls. The robot is named Greg, it is suitable to take in golf balls on the field. The problems that might arise are the confusion of the driving ranges and re-use of golf balls. The flow of the operation starts from capturing the image, after which is the process image for contracting of the borders as well as the golf balls. Using image affect base on the RGB values or the white and non-white image, the schema is capable of distinguishing whether the aspiration is a golf ball or not. The logic of the system is created using neural networks. The logic is programmed in such a l ook that the robot is able to determine how far the golf ball is and whether the object is actually a golf ball or not. The dimples of the golf ball are also one of the considerations they use in creating the logic of the system. The person is able to set the boundaries for the robot to come upon around. This is done by position a boundary using blue or red tapes for the robot to sense. The border detection and avoidance is use to prevent the robot from overtaking out of the prescribed area.The master(prenominal) objective of the system is to be able to identify and retrieve golf balls. There are five main components of the system, namely, the PC compartment, the remote control, the vagabonds and chassis, the vision system, and the ball counter. The vision system used is the modified desktop computer. Wheels and chassis are utilized to have the mobot move around the field. The robot is capable of moving around and retrieving golf balls by itself, but the user has the option of controlling the robot through the use of the remote control or the master control of the robot. The robot consists of a front wheel which is the caster wheel and a back wheel or the rubber wheels.

Goodfellas Essay example -- essays research papers

Goodfellas" is a dramatization of life in the New York Mafia. It is ground on the accounts of real life ex-gangster turned state evidence. He tells his tommyrot from when he was hired by a wiseguy as a teen in the fifties, to the time he is put in the witness fortress program in the seventies.The movie portrays the spirit of the Mafia and demonstrates their distinctive values, customs,gangster worry lifestyle.     The Mafia is groups of criminals that developed for the purpose of protecting those who can not go to the police for egis. Its roots can be traced back to Sicily, where the Mafia was found on the premise that any member suffering an injustice was to tear personal vengeance while avoiding all contact with legal authorities. until now in the modern day American Mafia, each family ruled its admit territory and when another(prenominal)s from outside the territory interfered they were dealt with through violent methods.The wiseguys stipendiar y for their protection by paying the head of their local family. This payoff was also cognise as paying tribute to the boss.      Many of the Mafias morals and policies were identified passim the movie. Some of the informal rules held by the Mafia were the codes of trust and silence. In other words, never rat on a friend and keep your sing shut. These rules were highlighted when the narrator, Henry Hill, had his first arrest. He was brought to court, defended by a Mafia paid lawyer and after ...

Orestes An Innocent Hero Essay -- essays research papers

Orestes An Innocent HeroThroughout time there has been a common question that does not yet yield a universal answer. wholly people have a different view on whether or not it is right to visit the killing of another, through the destruction of the killers. In America during this day and age, it is the obligation of the court system to decide whether or not a murderer should be put to death. Most of the time, the wrong is sentenced to a prison term, but when a judge decides to issue the death penalty there is usually an uproar among the people. Does the court now break a murderer along with the convicted felon or is the court an devoid body. Is it a sub who is looked upon as the hand of equitableice or just another bad guy? In the trilogy of &8220The Oresteia, we spot across a similar situation. When his jealous wife Clytaemnestra and his cousin Aegisthus kill Agamemnon, the king of Argos, it is up to his long lost son Orestes, to avenge his death. To the people of Argos and the house of Atreus, Orestes was an innocent(p) hero in yet another slicker game vie by the gods. Deep into the first story of &8220The Oresteia, better known as &8220Agamemnon, Cassandra, who has been cursed by Apollo to be a seer who leave never be believed, envisions the death of Agamemnon and herself. It is in this vision that she sees an avenger who will come about and bring justice to the murdered victims, &8220 We will die, but not without some honor from the gods. There will come another to avenge us, born to kill his mother, born his give&8217s champion. The gods have express a monumental oath as his father lies upon the ground he draws him home with power care a prayer. ( Aeschylus. The Oresteia U.S.A. Penguin, 1975.) This vision proves to be in truth important when speaking about the innocence of Orestes and his heroism as well. onwards the incident even takes place, we know that the gods have destined Orestes to avenge his father&8217s death. During this period of time, when the gods were on your side, you were doing the right thing Another elan to prove Orestes innocence is through the god of sun, song, and prophecy, better known as Apollo. Early on in &8220The Libation Bearers Orestes puts his faith in Apollo. He declares&8220Apollo will never fail me, no, his... ...it brings Orestes home. (Aeschylus, 172)As we move on in &8220The Libation Bearers, Electra, like the leader and his chorus, also looks to Orestes as a savior or hero. As she sits at the grave of her father Agamemnon, Electra prays to Hermes, god of the dead. She prays for &8220the one, who murders in return (Aeschylus, 182) later(prenominal) on in her prayers she says, &8220 Rekindle the light that saves our house (Aeschylus, 183) and &8220Raise up your avenger, into the light, my father &8211 kill the killers in return with justice. (Aeschylus, 183) All of these prayerful statements tie in to one Orestes. As the trilogy comes to a climax, Orestes finally acts out his re venge and it is not until the end of his trial that his destiny is fulfilled. At the end of the trilogy, the jury was crush fifty fifty, and in another proof of innocence the tie pause lot thrown by Athena was in favor of Orestes. He was officially proven innocent. Once more in Greek mythology, piece beings were used as pawns in a godly game of chess but at least this is one of those times when an innocent hero emerged.

Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay example -- T.S. Eliot Lust Sex R

Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock The seeking of young, of sex, of icteric fog that rubs its back upon the window panes, some pursue this their whole lives, a bachelor looking in the corners of streets and bars for a bit of youth and company. This is the Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T.S. Eliot, 1917. It is the song and love story of custody who search for their lover in places absent of love and instead scarcely finds appetency. Those who only find lust in these lonely places eventually buy the farm old, as the speaker of the verse form realizes. The only argument in this poem is that of a man much past his prime, arguing to himself whether to retire the obey the author uses logos, ethos and ruth when arguing to himself, and you, about giving up the Darwinian chase. The author of this poem is T.S. Eliot a modern poet who is a contemporary of Hemingway and Fitzgerald. ofttimes of his work comes from post World War I, a period which was fill up wit h excess and disillusionment with humanity and our ability to create and control civilization. The great war in the history of the world up to that point had barely been fought. Millions died and the World with all its sadness could do nothing more and so try and fill itself with wine and lust. The poem deals partly with this matter, mostly with lust and pursuit of women to find happiness in a world exuberant of dingy sadness. The author addresses himself in this poem. Much similar to you looking at yourself in the mirror and speaking to yourself asking questions and answering them. A palpate of this is achieved in the first stanza when he refers to you and I meaning the self seen by others and the self he perceives. Yet this rhetorical self is juxtaposed near to an ... ...ser to finish to argue that he is indeed growing older that because he has fear of death he realizes his youth is now gone. His fear is pathos and an appeal to himself that he is getting older. Remember that he is in word of honor with himself and you are the audience to his personal monologue, he does not have to coax you that he is growing old but himself, the man in the mirror. commiseration or the poets emotional appeal is that he is afraid of death and simply that means he is growing older. Those who find lust in instead of love in youth find themselves in the maculation that T.S. Eliot finds himself in. That situation is growing old and still behaving as a lubricious youth wondering what to do and reasoning with yourself over your wasted pursuit of women and whether to continue the chase or give into old age and split up the bottoms of my trousers rolled.