Animal Testing

2 /2 of 134 DIMDI : AnimAlt-ZEBET (ZT00 (c ) BfR (ZEBET ) 2008ND :ZEBET203MNR :203LR :29 .06 .2007SH :ImmunologyTitle :Production of antibodies by IgY engineer in the crank yolk of cowardlyLanguage :englishUT :IgY ZEBET animal experiments animal exam alternatives animal theatrical role alternatives animal welf atomic number 18 antibodies antibodies , avian antibodies , icteric antibodies , monoclonal antibodies , polyclonal antibody production bleed bleeding fork out blood-letting chicken ducks clod yolk goats ginzo pigs hens hens , laying horses immunization immunization , DNA immunization , passive immune gamma globulin Y immune gamma globulins immunology mice usance of animals pharmacy production , antibody hunts rats reduction stopping point sheep strains , inbred inoculation veterinary medicine yolkEV :Reduction ,RefinementSTA :Scientific AcceptanceVOR :Not moderate for regulatory purposesAB :BACKGROUNDPolyclonal antibodies are usually obtained from rabbits , only when excessively from mice , rats and guinea pigs , and larger amounts from sheep , goats and horses . Two invasive procedures are generally native for polyclonal antibody production , both of which cause distress and pain to the animals . eldest , the animals have to be injected with the relevant antigen to induce activation of the loathsome system the initial immunisation is usually followed by wizard injections . Some time later blood is collected to arrogate and purify the desired antibodies . In contrast , isolation of antibodies from birds does non exact sampling of bloodMETHODIn immunised chicken hens , the kinetics of particular(prenominal) antibody generation are comparable to that of rabbits . However , a pregnant portion of the produced antibodies is transferred from the blood serum to the freak . Between 50 to snow mg immunoglobulin rotte! r be isolated from the egg yolk containing up to 10 mg of particular(prenominal) antibody . but , procedures for isolation from egg yolk are simple (e .g . Schade et al , 1996 and 2005 .

Chicken egg yolk immunoglobulin is phylogenetically perspicuous from mammalian immunoglobulin immunoglobulin G it is therefore called IgYPolyclonal IgY antibodies can be utilize in the same way as IgG antibodies but offer advantages in terms of specificity , cross-reactivity and sensitivity permitting the use for special applications . When using chicken , a higher character of specific antibody against mammalian antigen can b e produced , especially when the antigen is a exceedingly conserved protein (e .g . Calzado et al , 2001 . In addition , chicken IgY does not bind to complement nor to human or bacterial Fc receptors and does not cross-react with mammalian IgG (see review by Schade et al 2005 . more(prenominal) recently , the so-called IgY technology has been used to catch gene-specific antibodies for symptomatics and drug discovery (e .g . Zhang , 2003 Cova 2005 . Other bird species providing IgY for question and diagnostic purposes include quails and breeding ducks (e .g Cova , 2005CONCLUSIVE REVIEWIsolation of polyclonal antibodies from bird eggs constitutes a refinement method compared with traditional approaches based on extracting blood from mammals . Because a single chicken or duck egg contains as much antibody as an average bleed from a rabbit , this simple , economical non-invasive method may also head off the killing of laboratory animals in some instances . avian antibodies (IgY ) c an be used for a wide redact of applications...If yo! u penury to get a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com

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